This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.

Aims: The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to fetus and plays a central role in embryonic development. Abnormal growth of the placenta is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. Preterm labor is one of the most important outcomes of placental abnormalities. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathology of placenta in Preterm labor and prediction of neonate’ s outcomes. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 118 placentas obtained from Preterm labor cases in Sarem women’ s hospital (Tehran, Iran) during one year. At least 3 specimens were taken from each placenta and stained with H& E and examined by pathologists, microscopically. The data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Findings: No pathological changes were found in 89. 5% of the placentas; however, 10. 0% of the placentas showed pathological changes. Three parameters, including syncytial knots, chorangiosis and microcalcification were the most effective variables on pathological results. Accordingly, increase of one unit in syncytial knot raise the chance of Preterm labor 0. 01 fold. Besides, the change in the amount of chorangiosis can increase the chance of Preterm labor 0. 252 fold and changes in Microcalcification can raise the chance for Preterm labor up to 0. 14 fold on average. Conclusion Syncytial knots, chorangiosis and microcalcification are the most effective pathological changes in the pathology of placenta in Preterm labor.

Background: Preterm birth and fetal growth impairment have recently been subjects for research concerning mental illness. Although much is known about the public health burden of Preterm birth in childhood and adolescence, less is known about longer-term mental health outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether individuals who were Preterm at birth were more likely to have adverse clinical outcomes at school-age than individuals who were full term at birth.Methods: We compared 27 infants who were born before 37 weeks of gestational age, 16 of whom were boys and 11 of whom were girls, with 27 term counterparts matched on sex- and age. children behavior was assessed at an average age of 8.5 years with the Child Behavioral Checklist. Findings: Preterm birth significantly was associated with an increased risk of full-scale (anxious/depressed problems, withdrawn/depressed problems, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problem, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior) and Preterm-born children showed increases in the levels of externalizing and internalizing behaviors.Conclusion: We found that in comparison with control subjects, children born Preterm exhibited higher levels of behavioral problems. The perinatal course of these children may shed some light on the mechanisms underlying these differences. Proposed mechanisms for the effect of Preterm birth on neuropsychiatric disorders include a disturbance of the programmed corticogenesis of the developing brain.

Introduction: Preterm birth has been associated with a high frequency of developmental disturbances and risk for long-term cognitive, affective and behavioral problems. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the level of mood disorders and anxiety symptoms, as well as behavioral disorders including hyperactivity/attention deficit problems, and oppositional defiant problems, and to compare the conduct problems between Preterm and term children at elementaryschool age. Methods: The research had a causal-comparative approach. Of the 260 of 400 parents who responded, 215 had full reports on Child Behavioral Checklist and obstetric conditions questionnaire; 27 Preterm children were compared with term counterparts, who were paired according to gender and age. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 20), descriptive statistics and multiple-way analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: The results of this study showed that, children who were born Preterm had significantly higher levels of affective disorder, anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder scores compared with the controls. Conclusions: Preterm birth is associated with affective and behavioral problems. Together with the results of our study, these findings suggest that mechanisms linking early environment with laterlife susceptibility to clinical outcomes might include mechanisms leading to shorter gestation age.

Introduction: Executive functions refer to the use of cognitive processes to control thoughts and emotions. The purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions in premature and normal children. Methods: The present study is a causal comparative study. The statistical population of this study was Tabriz Premature children that 30 of these children were selected by using available sampling and compared with 30 normal children. Participants responded to the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF). Data were analyzed using analysis of multivariate variance. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean components of vulnerability (inhibition, shift of attention, emotional control, initiation, work memory, organization) and total score of executive functions. Conclusions: Preterm children have weakness in terms of executive functions than normal children that the cause of this problem is the greater vulnerability of the central nervous system due to the early birth and educational problems of these children.

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.